Americký dolár: Rozdiel medzi revíziami

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'''Americký dolár''' (označenie: '''$''', kód: '''USD''', tiež skrátené '''US $''', označovaný ako '''dolár''') je oficiálna mena Spojených štátov amerických a jeho územia podľa ústavy Spojených štátov od roku 1792. V praxi je dolár rozdelený na 100 centov (¢), ale príležitostne je rozdelený na 1000 mills (₥) pre účtovníctvo. Cirkulujúce papierové peniaze pozostávajú z Federálnych rezervných bankoviek, ktoré sú denominované v amerických dolároch.
 
== OznačenieHistória ==
{{double image|left|500 USD note; series of 1934; obverse.jpg|200|500 USD note; series of 1934; reverse.jpg|200|Obverse of rare 1934 $500 Federal Reserve Note, featuring a portrait of President [[William McKinley]].|Reverse of a $500 Federal Reserve Note.}}
Americký dolár sa bežne označuje symbolom dvojmo preškrtnutého písmena ''s'' – '''$'''. Kód amerického dolára podľa [[ISO 4217]] je '''USD'''. [[Medzinárodný menový fond]] tiež používa označenie '''US$'''. Rozdeľuje sa na 1 dolár = 10 dime = 100 cent = 1000 mill
 
The American [[Dollar coin (United States)|dollar coin]] was initially based on the value and look of the [[Spanish dollar]] or ''piece of eight'', used widely in [[Spanish America]] from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The first dollar coins issued by the [[United States Mint]] (founded 1792) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar, minted in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish, U.S. silver dollars, and later, Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States, and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the [[Coinage Act of 1857]]. The coinage of various English colonies also circulated. The [[lion dollar]] was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century. Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable, thus they were sometimes referred to as "dog dollars".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coins.nd.edu/ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/Lion-Dollar.intro.html |title=The Lion Dollar: Introduction |publisher=Coins.nd.edu |accessdate=October 17, 2018}}</ref>
 
The U.S. dollar was first defined by the Coinage Act of 1792, which specified a "dollar" to be based in the Spanish milled dollar and of 371 [[grain (unit)|grain]]s and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or {{convert|416|gr}} of standard silver and an "eagle" to be 247 and 4 eighths of a grain or {{convert|270|gr}} of gold (again depending on purity).<ref>{{cite web|last=Mint|first=U.S.|title=Coinage Act of 1792|url=https://www.usmint.gov/learn/history/historical-documents/coinage-act-of-april-2-1792|publisher=U.S. treasury}}</ref> The choice of the value 371 grains arose from [[Alexander Hamilton]]'s decision to base the new American unit on the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. Hamilton got the treasury to weigh a sample of Spanish dollars and the average weight came out to be 371 grains. A new Spanish dollar was usually about 377 grains in weight, and so the new U.S. dollar was at a slight discount in relation to the Spanish dollar.
 
The same coinage act also set the value of an eagle at 10 dollars, and the dollar at {{frac|10}} eagle. It called for 90% silver alloy coins in denominations of 1, {{frac|2}}, {{frac|4}}, {{frac|10}}, and {{frac|20}} dollars; it called for 90% gold alloy coins in denominations of 1, {{frac|2}}, {{frac|4}}, and {{frac|10}} eagles. The value of gold or silver contained in the dollar was then converted into relative value in the economy for the buying and selling of goods. This allowed the value of things to remain fairly constant over time, except for the influx and outflux of gold and silver in the nation's economy.<ref>See [https://www.ecominoes.com/2013/01/the-definitive-inflation-chart.html].</ref>
 
The early currency of the United States did not exhibit faces of presidents, as is the custom now;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oanda.com/currency/iso-currency-codes/USD|title=United States Dollar|publisher=OANDA|accessdate=October 17, 2018}}</ref> although today, by law, only the portrait of a deceased individual may appear on United States currency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5114|title=Engraving and printing currency and security documents:Article b|publisher=Legal Information Institute|accessdate=December 19, 2013}}</ref> In fact, the newly formed government was against having portraits of leaders on the currency, a practice compared to the policies of European monarchs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/28312/money-everything-you-ever-wanted-know-about-coin-portraits|title=On the Money: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Coin Portraits|author=Matt Soniak|publisher=Mental Floss|date=July 22, 2011|accessdate=October 17, 2018}}</ref> The currency as we know it today did not get the faces they currently have until after the early 20th century; before that "heads" side of coinage used profile faces and striding, seated, and standing figures from Greek and Roman mythology and composite Native Americans. The last coins to be converted to profiles of historic Americans were the dime (1946) and the Dollar (1971).
 
For articles on the currencies of the colonies and states, see [[Connecticut pound]], [[Delaware pound]], [[Georgia pound]], [[Maryland pound]], [[Massachusetts pound]], [[New Hampshire pound]], [[New Jersey pound]], [[New York pound]], [[North Carolina pound]], [[Pennsylvania pound]], [[Rhode Island pound]], [[South Carolina pound]], and [[Virginia pound]].
 
===Continental currency===
 
[[File:Continental Currency One-Third-Dollar 17-Feb-76 obv.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Continental One Third Dollar Bill (obverse)]]
{{See also|Continental currency}}
During the [[American Revolution]] the [[thirteen colonies]] became [[sovereignty|independent states]]. Freed from British monetary regulations, they each issued [[£sd]] paper money to pay for military expenses. The [[Continental Congress]] also began issuing "Continental Currency" denominated in Spanish dollars. The dollar was valued relative to the states' currencies at the following rates:
* 5 shillings – [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
* 6 shillings – [[Connecticut]], [[Massachusetts]], [[New Hampshire]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Virginia]]
* {{frac|7|1|2}} shillings – [[Delaware]], [[Maryland]], [[New Jersey]], [[Pennsylvania]]
* 8 shillings – New York, [[North Carolina]]
* {{frac|32|1|2}} shillings – [[South Carolina]]
 
Continental currency [[depreciation (currency)|depreciated]] badly during the war, giving rise to the famous phrase "not worth a continental".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Newman|first1=Eric P.|title=The Early Paper Money of America|date=1990|publisher=Krause Publications|location=Iola, Wisconsin|isbn=0-87341-120-X|page=17|edition=3}}</ref> A primary problem was that monetary policy was not coordinated between Congress and the states, which continued to issue bills of credit. Additionally, neither Congress nor the governments of the several states had the will or the means to retire the bills from circulation through taxation or the sale of bonds.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wright|first1=Robert E.|title=One Nation Under Debt: Hamilton, Jefferson, and the History of What We Owe|date=2008|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0-07-154393-4|pages=50–52}}</ref> The currency was ultimately replaced by the silver dollar at the rate of 1 silver dollar to 1000 continental dollars.
 
===Silver and gold standards===
{{unref|section|date=July 2018}}
From 1792, when the [[Mint Act]] was passed, the dollar was defined as 371.25 [[grain (unit)|grains]] (24.056 g) of silver. The gold coins that were minted were not given any denomination and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar. 1834 saw a shift in the [[gold standard]] to {{convert|23.2|gr}}, followed by a slight adjustment to {{convert|23.22|gr}} in 1837 (16:1 ratio).{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}}
 
In 1862, paper money was issued without the backing of precious metals, due to the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. Silver and gold coins continued to be issued and in 1878 the link between paper money and coins was reinstated. This disconnection from gold and silver backing also occurred during the [[War of 1812]]. The use of paper money not backed by precious metals had also occurred under the Articles of Confederation from 1777 to 1788. With no solid backing and being easily counterfeited, the continentals quickly lost their value, giving rise to the phrase "not worth a continental". This was a primary reason for the "No state shall... make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts" clause in [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Section 10: Limits on the States|article 1, section 10]] of the United States Constitution.
 
In order to finance the [[War of 1812]], Congress authorized the issuance of [[Treasury Note (19th century)|Treasury Note]]s, interest-bearing short-term debt that could be used to pay public dues. While they were intended to serve as debt, they did function "to a limited extent" as money. Treasury Notes were again printed to help resolve the reduction in public revenues resulting from the [[Panic of 1837]] and the [[Panic of 1857]], as well as to help finance the [[Mexican–American War]] and the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].
 
In addition to Treasury Notes, in 1861, Congress authorized the Treasury to borrow $50 million in the form of [[Demand Notes]], which did not bear interest but could be redeemed on demand for precious metals. However, by December 1861, the Union government's supply of specie was outstripped by demand for redemption and they were forced to suspend redemption temporarily. The following February, Congress passed the [[Legal Tender Cases|Legal Tender Act of 1862]], issuing [[United States Notes]], which were not redeemable on demand and bore no interest, but were [[legal tender]], meaning that creditors had to accept them at face value for any payment except for public debts and import tariffs. However, silver and gold coins continued to be issued, resulting in the depreciation of the newly printed notes through [[Gresham's Law]]. In 1869, Supreme Court ruled in [[Hepburn v. Griswold]] that Congress could not require creditors to accept United States Notes, but overturned that ruling the next year in the [[Legal Tender Cases]]. In 1875, Congress passed the [[Specie Payment Resumption Act]], requiring the Treasury to allow US Notes to be redeemed for gold after January 1, 1879. The Treasury ceased to issue United States Notes in 1971.
 
The [[Gold Standard Act]] of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and defined the dollar as {{convert|23.22|gr}} of gold, equivalent to setting the price of 1 [[troy ounce]] of gold at $20.67. Silver coins continued to be issued for circulation until 1964, when all silver was removed from dimes and quarters, and the half dollar was reduced to 40% silver. Silver half dollars were last issued for circulation in 1970. Gold coins were confiscated by [[Executive Order 6102]] issued in 1933 by Franklin Roosevelt. The gold standard was changed to {{convert|13.71|gr}}, equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $35. This standard persisted until 1968.
 
Between 1968 and 1975, a variety of pegs to gold were put in place, eventually culminating in a sudden end, on August 15, 1971, to the convertibility of dollars to gold later dubbed the [[Nixon Shock]]. The last peg was $42.22 per ounce{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}} before the U.S. dollar was allowed to freely float on [[Foreign exchange market|currency markets]].
 
According to the [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]], the largest note it ever printed was the $100,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1934. These notes were printed from December 18, 1934, through January 9, 1935, and were issued by the Treasurer of the United States to Federal Reserve Banks only against an equal amount of gold bullion held by the Treasury. These notes were used for transactions between Federal Reserve Banks and were not circulated among the general public.
 
== Mince ==
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