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Riadok 13:
{{Main|Dejiny ateizmu}}
Kým najranejšie použite termínu a''teizmus'' je
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{{Main|
Ateistické školy je možno nájsť v ranej indickej filozofii a existovali od čias [[Védske náboženstvo|Védskeho náboženstva]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Pandian |title=India, that is, sidd |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1996 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=B90uj14NHjMC&pg=PA64 |isbn=978-81-7023-561-3 |accessdate=2011-04-09}}</ref> Medzi šesť [[Astika a nastika|ortodoxných]] škôl hinduistickej filozofie patrí [[Sánkhja]], najstaršia filozofická škola myslenia, ktorá neakceptuje Boha; aj raná [[Mímánsa]] odmietala predstavu Boha.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=Surendranath |title=A history of Indian philosophy, Volume 1 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1992 |page=258 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC&pg=PA258 |isbn=978-81-208-0412-8}}</ref> Úplne materialistická a anti-teistická filozofická škola [[Lókájata]], pochádzajúca z Indie obdobia 6. storočia p.n.l., je pravdepodobne najexplicitnejšia ateistická filozofická škola v Indii, podobná gréckej [[Kyrénska škola|Kyrénskej škole]]. Táto vetva indickej filozofie je klasifikovaná ako [[Astika a nastika|heterodoxná]] pre svoje odmietanie autority [[Véda|Véd]] a nie je preto považovaná za súčasť šiestich ortodoxných škôl [[Hinduizmus|hinduizmu]]; je ale pozoruhodná ako dôkaz materialistického hnutia v rámci hinduizmu.<ref>Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore. ''A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy''. (Princeton University Press: 1957, Twelfth Princeton Paperback printing 1989) pp. 227–249. {{ISBN|0-691-01958-4}}.</ref> Chatterjee a Datta ale vysvetľujú, že naše porozumenie filozofie Lókájata je neúplné, založené zväčša na kritike myšlienok ostatných škôl; a že sa nejedná o živú tradíciu:<ref>Satischandra Chatterjee and Dhirendramohan Datta. ''An Introduction to Indian Philosophy''. Eighth Reprint Edition. (University of Calcutta: 1984). p. 55.</ref>
Other Indian philosophies generally regarded as atheistic include [[Samkhya|Classical Samkhya]] and [[Mimamsa|Purva Mimamsa]]. The rejection of a personal creator God is also seen in [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]] in India.<ref name="Joshi">{{cite journal |last=Joshi |first=L.R. |year=1966 |title=A New Interpretation of Indian Atheism |journal=Philosophy East and West |volume=16 |issue=3/4 |pages=189–206 |doi=10.2307/1397540 |ref=harv |jstor=1397540}}</ref>▼
"Hoci materializmus v takej či onakej forme v Indii vždy existoval, a občasné odkazy možno nájsť vo Védach, budhistickej literatúre, eposoch i v neskorších filozofických dielach, nenašli sme žiadnu systematickú prácu o materializme, ani žiadnu organizovanú školu nasledovníkov, ako je to u ostatných filozofických škôl. Ale takmer každá práca ostatných škôl uvádza materialistické názory, ktoré sa snaží vyvracať. Naša znalosť indického materializmu je postavená predovšetkým na nich."
Western atheism has its roots in [[Pre-Socratic philosophy|pre-Socratic]] [[Greek philosophy]],<ref>{{harvnb|Baggini|2003|pp=73–74}}. "Atheism had its origins in Ancient Greece but did not emerge as an overt and avowed belief system until late in the Enlightenment."</ref><ref name="GraftonMostSettis" /> but atheism in the modern sense was extremely rare in ancient Greece.<ref name="Garland2008">{{cite book |last1=Garland |first1=Robert |title=Ancient Greece: Everyday Life in the Birthplace of Western Civilization |date=2008 |publisher=Sterling |location=New York City |isbn=978-1-4549-0908-8 |page=209}}</ref><ref name="Winiarczyk">{{cite book |last1=Winiarczyk |first1=Marek |title=Diagoras of Melos: A Contribution to the History of Ancient Atheism |date=2016|translator-last=Zbirohowski-Kościa|translator-first=Witold |publisher=Walther de Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-044765-1 |pages=61–68 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=NryvDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Diagoras+of+Melos#v=onepage&q=Diagoras%20of%20Melos&f=false |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="GraftonMostSettis" /> Pre-Socratic [[Atomism|Atomists]] such as [[Democritus]] attempted to explain the world in a purely [[materialism|materialistic]] way and interpreted religion as a human reaction to natural phenomena,<ref name="Burkert1985">{{cite book |last=Burkert |first=Walter |authorlink=Walter Burkert |date=1985 |title=Greek Religion |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-36281-9 |pages=311–317 |ref=harv}}</ref> but did not explicitly deny the gods' existence.<ref name="Burkert1985" /> [[Anaxagoras]], whom [[Irenaeus]] calls "the atheist",<ref>[[Irenaeus]]. ''[[Against Heresies]]'' II 14, 2 (D. 171) = 59 B 113 DK. See on this topic: Duran, Martin (2019). ''Wondering About God: Impiety, Agnosticism, and Atheism in Ancient Greece''. Barcelona. Independently Published. p. 28. {{ISBN|978-1-08061-240-6}}.</ref> was accused of impiety and condemned for stating that "the sun is a type of incandescent stone", an affirmation with which he tried to deny the divinity of the celestial bodies.<ref>[[Flavius Josephus]]. ''[[Against Apion]]'' II, 265 = 59 A 19 DK; [[Plutarch]]. ''On superstition'' 10 p. 169 F – 170 A; [[Diogenes Laërtius]], II 12-14; [[Olympiodorus the Younger]]. ''Commentary on Aristotle's Meteorology'' p. 17, 19 Stüve = 59 B 19 DK.</ref> In the late fifth century BCE, the Greek [[lyric poetry|lyric poet]] [[Diagoras of Melos]] was sentenced to death in [[Athens]] under the charge of being a "godless person" (ἄθεος) after he made fun of the [[Eleusinian Mysteries]],<ref name="Garland2008" /><ref name="Winiarczyk" /><ref name="Burkert1985" /> but he fled the city to escape punishment.<ref name="Garland2008" /><ref name="Winiarczyk" /><ref name="Burkert1985" /> Later writers have cited Diagoras as the "first atheist",<ref>[[Friedrich Solmsen|Solmsen, Friedrich]] (1942). ''[https://books.google.com/books?vid=0blEqYn0npw5h4r_qPHc_fk&id=rLASAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Plato's Theology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102004009/https://books.google.com/books?vid=0blEqYn0npw5h4r_qPHc_fk&id=rLASAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 |date=2 November 2015 }}''. Cornell University Press. p. 25.</ref><ref name=CIC>''... nullos esse omnino Diagoras et Theodorus Cyrenaicus ...'' Cicero, Marcus Tullius: ''De natura deorum.'' Comments and English text by Richard D. McKirahan. Thomas Library, Bryn Mawr College, 1997, p. 3. {{ISBN|0-929524-89-6}}</ref> but he was probably not an atheist in the modern sense of the word.<ref name="Winiarczyk" />▼
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[[Sisyphus fragment|A fragment]] from the lost [[satyr play]] ''Sisyphus'', which has been attributed to both [[Critias]] and [[Euripides]], claims that a clever man invented "the fear of the gods" in order to frighten people into behaving morally.<ref name="WoodruffSmith">{{cite book |last1=Woodruff |first1=P. |last2=Smith |first2=N.D. |date=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=pjM7N1eUCbQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Socrates+philosophy#v=onepage&q=Socrates%20philosophy&f=false |title=Reason and Religion in Socratic Philosophy |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535092-0 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="Winiarczyk" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kahn |first=Charles |date=1997 |title=Greek Religion and Philosophy in the Sisyphus Fragment |journal=Phronesis |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=247–262 |ref=harv |jstor=4182561 |doi=10.1163/15685289760518153}}</ref><ref name="Winiarczyk" /><ref name="GraftonMostSettis">{{cite book |date=2010 |last=Mulsow |first=Martin |chapter=Atheism |title=The Classical Tradition |chapter-url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&pg=PA264&dq=devil+poseidon+pan#v=onepage&q=devil%20poseidon%20pan&f=false |editor1-last=Grafton |editor1-first=Anthony |editor1-link=Anthony Grafton |editor2-last=Most |editor2-first=Glenn W. |editor2-link=Glenn W. Most |editor3-last=Settis |editor3-first=Salvatore |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts and London |isbn=978-0-674-03572-0 |pages=96–97 |ref=harv |access-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206135820/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&pg=PA264&dq=devil+poseidon+pan#v=onepage&q=devil%20poseidon%20pan&f=false |archive-date=6 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> This statement, however, originally did not mean that the gods themselves were nonexistent, but rather that their powers were a hoax.<ref name="GraftonMostSettis" /> Atheistic statements have also been attributed to the philosopher [[Prodicus]]. [[Philodemus]] reports that Prodicus believed that "the gods of popular belief do not exist nor do they know, but primitive man, [out of admiration, deified] the fruits of the earth and virtually everything that contributed to his existence". [[Protagoras]] has sometimes been taken to be an atheist, but rather espoused agnostic views, commenting that "Concerning the gods I am unable to discover whether they exist or not, or what they are like in form; for there are many hindrances to knowledge, the obscurity of the subject and the brevity of human life."<ref>{{cite book |last=Bremmer |first=Jan |title=Atheism in Antiquity |postscript=,}} in {{harvnb|Martin|2006|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref name="Garland2008" />▼
=== Antika ===
[[File:Socrates Louvre.jpg|thumb|upright|V [[Platón|Platónovej]] [[Obrana Sokratova|''Obrane Sokrata'']] bol [[Socrates|Sokrates]] (na obrázku) obvinený Melétom z neviery v bohov.<ref name="Burkert1985">{{cite book|last=Burkert|first=Walter|authorlink=Walter Burkert|date=1985|title=Greek Religion|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-674-36281-9|pages=311–317|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="Bremmer" />]]
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Aténska verejnosť spájala [[Sokrates|Sokrata]] (cca 470–399 pred n.l.) so smerovaním predsokratovskej filozofie k skúmaniu prírody a odmietaniu nadprirodzených vysvetlení javov.<ref name="Burkert1985" /><ref name="Bremmer" /> [[Aristofanes|Aristofanova]] komédia ''Oblaky'' (hraná v 423 pred n.l.) zobrazuje Sokrata ako učí svojich študentov, že tradičné grécke božstvá neexistujú.<ref name="Burkert1985" /><ref name="Bremmer" /> Sokrates bol neskôr súdený a popravený za obvinenie, že neverí v bohov štátu a namiesto nich vyznáva cudzích bohov.<ref name="Burkert1985" /><ref name="Bremmer" /> On samotný počas súdu obvinenia z ateizmu vehementne odmietal<ref name="Burkert1985" /><ref name="Bremmer">{{cite book|last=Bremmer|first=Jan|title=Atheism in Antiquity|postscript=,}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Thomas C.|last1=Brickhouse|last2=Smith|first2=Nicholas D.|title=Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Plato and the Trial of Socrates|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-15681-3|page=112}} Konkrétne argumentoval, že tvrdenie o jeho úplnom ateizme je v protiklade s ostatnými časťami obžaloby, že predstavuje "nové božstvá".</ref> a všetky zachované zdroje o ňom naznačujú, že bol veľmi zbožný muž, ktorý sa modlil k vychádzajúcemu Slnku a veril, že [[Pýtia|orákulum v Delfách]] reprodukuje slová [[Apolón|Apolóna]].<ref name="Burkert1985" /> [[Euhémeros]] (cca 300 pred n.l.) publikoval svoj pohľad, že bohovia sú len zbožštení vládcovia, dobyvatelia a zakladatelia z minulosti, a že ich kulty a náboženstvá boli v jadre pokračovaním zaniknutých kráľovstiev a raných politických štruktúr.<ref>Fragmenty Euhémerových prác v Enniovom latinskom preklade boli zachované v zápisoch [[Cirkevný otec (stredovek)|Cirkevných otcov]] (napr. [[Lactantius|Lactantia]] a [[Eusebios z Kaisareie|Eusebia z Kaisareie]]), ktoré všetky odkazujú na staršie fragmenty [[Diodorus Siculus|Diodora]] 5,41–46 & 6.1.</ref> Hoci nebol striktný ateista, neskôr ho kritizovali za "šírenie ateizmu po obývanej zemi, z ktorej odstránil bohov".<ref>[[Plutarch]], ''Moralia—Isis and Osiris'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris*/B.html#23 23]</ref>
The most important Greek thinker in the development of atheism was [[Epicurus]] ({{circa}} 300 BCE).<ref name="GraftonMostSettis" /> Drawing on the ideas of Democritus and the Atomists, he espoused a materialistic philosophy according to which the universe was governed by the laws of chance without the need for divine intervention (see [[scientific determinism]]).<ref name="EpicStanEncycl">{{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epicurus/ |title=Epicurus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) |website=Plato.stanford.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603100418/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epicurus/ |archive-date=3 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although Epicurus still maintained that the gods existed,<ref name="Hickson2014">{{cite book |last=Hickson |first=Michael W. |editor1-last=McBrayer |editor1-first=Justin P. |editor2-last=Howard-Snyder |editor2-first=Daniel |date=2014 |chapter=A Brief History of Problems of Evil |title=The Blackwell Companion to The Problem of Evil |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0ScAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT26 |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-118-60797-8 |pages=26–27 |ref=harv |access-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120231324/https://books.google.com/books?id=J0ScAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT26 |archive-date=20 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GraftonMostSettis" /><ref name="EpicStanEncycl" /> he believed that they were uninterested in human affairs.<ref name="EpicStanEncycl" /> The aim of the Epicureans was to attain ''[[ataraxia]]'' ("peace of mind") and one important way of doing this was by exposing fear of divine wrath as irrational. The Epicureans also denied the existence of an afterlife and the need to fear divine punishment after death.<ref name="EpicStanEncycl" />
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