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{{Main|Dejiny ateizmu}}
 
Kým najranejšie použite termínu a''teizmus'' je voz [[Francúzsko|FrancúzskuFrancúzska]] 16. storočia,<ref name="mw-online">''Merriam-Webster Online:Atheism'', archived from the original on 21 November 2013, retrieved 21 November 2013, <q>First Known Use: 1546</q></ref><ref name=Golding /> myšlienky, ktoré sú dnes považované za ateistické sú dokumentované už od [[Védske obdobie|Védskeho obdobia]] a [[Antika|antiky]].
 
=== EarlyRané Indianindické religionsnáboženstvá ===
{{Main|AtheismAteizmus inv Hinduismhinduizme}}
{{Rquote|right|"Who really knows? <br />Who will here proclaim it? <br />Whence was it produced? Whence is this creation? <br />The gods came afterwards, with the creation of this universe. <br />Who then knows whence it has arisen?"|[[Nasadiya Sukta]], concerns the [[origin of the universe]], [[Rig Veda]], ''10:129-6'' <ref name="Kramer1986">{{cite book |author=Kenneth Kramer |title=World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/worldscripturesi0000kram |url-access=registration |date=January 1986 |publisher=Paulist Press |isbn=978-0-8091-2781-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldscripturesi0000kram/page/34 34]– |access-date=3 April 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Christian2011">{{cite book |author=David Christian |title=Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RdVmDjwTtQC&pg=PA18 |date=1 September 2011 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-95067-2 |pages=18– |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623173440/https://books.google.com/books?id=7RdVmDjwTtQC&pg=PA18 |archive-date=23 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Singh2008">{{cite book |author=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA206 |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |pages=206– |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503141015/https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA206 |archive-date=3 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
Atheistic schools are found in early Indian thought and have existed from the times of the [[historical Vedic religion]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Pandian |title=India, that is, sidd |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1996 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=B90uj14NHjMC&pg=PA64 |isbn=978-81-7023-561-3 |accessdate=2011-04-09}}</ref>
Among the six [[Astika and Nastika|orthodox]] schools of Hindu philosophy, [[Samkhya]], the oldest philosophical school of thought, does not accept God, and the early [[Mimamsa]] also rejected the notion of God.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=Surendranath |title=A history of Indian philosophy, Volume 1 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1992 |page=258 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC&pg=PA258 |isbn=978-81-208-0412-8}}</ref>
The thoroughly materialistic and anti-theistic philosophical [[Cārvāka]] (or ''Lokāyata'') school that originated in [[India]] around the 6th century BCE is probably the most explicitly atheistic school of philosophy in India, similar to the Greek [[Cyrenaic school]]. This branch of Indian philosophy is classified as [[nastika|heterodox]] due to its rejection of the authority of [[Vedas]] and hence is not considered part of the six orthodox schools of Hinduism, but it is noteworthy as evidence of a materialistic movement within Hinduism.<ref>Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore. ''A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy''. (Princeton University Press: 1957, Twelfth Princeton Paperback printing 1989) pp. 227–249. {{ISBN|0-691-01958-4}}.</ref>
Chatterjee and Datta explain that our understanding of Cārvāka philosophy is fragmentary, based largely on criticism of the ideas by other schools, and that it is not a living tradition:<ref>Satischandra Chatterjee and Dhirendramohan Datta. ''An Introduction to Indian Philosophy''. Eighth Reprint Edition. (University of Calcutta: 1984). p. 55.</ref>{{quote|Though [[materialism]] in some form or other has always been present in India, and occasional references are found in the Vedas, the Buddhistic literature, the Epics, as well as in the later philosophical works we do not find any systematic work on materialism, nor any organized school of followers as the other philosophical schools possess. But almost every work of the other schools states, for refutation, the materialistic views. Our knowledge of Indian materialism is chiefly based on these.}}
 
Ateistické školy je možno nájsť v ranej indickej filozofii a existovali od čias [[Védske náboženstvo|Védskeho náboženstva]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Pandian |title=India, that is, sidd |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1996 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=B90uj14NHjMC&pg=PA64 |isbn=978-81-7023-561-3 |accessdate=2011-04-09}}</ref> Medzi šesť [[Astika a nastika|ortodoxných]] škôl hinduistickej filozofie patrí [[Sánkhja]], najstaršia filozofická škola myslenia, ktorá neakceptuje Boha; aj raná [[Mímánsa]] odmietala predstavu Boha.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=Surendranath |title=A history of Indian philosophy, Volume 1 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1992 |page=258 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC&pg=PA258 |isbn=978-81-208-0412-8}}</ref> Úplne materialistická a anti-teistická filozofická škola [[Lókájata]], pochádzajúca z Indie obdobia 6. storočia p.n.l., je pravdepodobne najexplicitnejšia ateistická filozofická škola v Indii, podobná gréckej [[Kyrénska škola|Kyrénskej škole]]. Táto vetva indickej filozofie je klasifikovaná ako [[Astika a nastika|heterodoxná]] pre svoje odmietanie autority [[Véda|Véd]] a nie je preto považovaná za súčasť šiestich ortodoxných škôl [[Hinduizmus|hinduizmu]]; je ale pozoruhodná ako dôkaz materialistického hnutia v rámci hinduizmu.<ref>Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore. ''A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy''. (Princeton University Press: 1957, Twelfth Princeton Paperback printing 1989) pp. 227–249. {{ISBN|0-691-01958-4}}.</ref> Chatterjee a Datta ale vysvetľujú, že naše porozumenie filozofie Lókájata je neúplné, založené zväčša na kritike myšlienok ostatných škôl; a že sa nejedná o živú tradíciu:<ref>Satischandra Chatterjee and Dhirendramohan Datta. ''An Introduction to Indian Philosophy''. Eighth Reprint Edition. (University of Calcutta: 1984). p. 55.</ref>
Other Indian philosophies generally regarded as atheistic include [[Samkhya|Classical Samkhya]] and [[Mimamsa|Purva Mimamsa]]. The rejection of a personal creator God is also seen in [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]] in India.<ref name="Joshi">{{cite journal |last=Joshi |first=L.R. |year=1966 |title=A New Interpretation of Indian Atheism |journal=Philosophy East and West |volume=16 |issue=3/4 |pages=189–206 |doi=10.2307/1397540 |ref=harv |jstor=1397540}}</ref>▼
 
"Hoci materializmus v takej či onakej forme v Indii vždy existoval, a občasné odkazy možno nájsť vo Védach, budhistickej literatúre, eposoch i v neskorších filozofických dielach, nenašli sme žiadnu systematickú prácu o materializme, ani žiadnu organizovanú školu nasledovníkov, ako je to u ostatných filozofických škôl. Ale takmer každá práca ostatných škôl uvádza materialistické názory, ktoré sa snaží vyvracať. Naša znalosť indického materializmu je postavená predovšetkým na nich."
=== Classical antiquity ===
[[File:Socrates Louvre.jpg|thumb|upright|In [[Plato]]'s ''[[Apology (Plato)|Apology]]'', [[Socrates]] (pictured) was accused by [[Meletus]] of not believing in the gods.<ref name="Burkert1985" /><ref name="Bremmer" />]]
Western atheism has its roots in [[Pre-Socratic philosophy|pre-Socratic]] [[Greek philosophy]],<ref>{{harvnb|Baggini|2003|pp=73–74}}. "Atheism had its origins in Ancient Greece but did not emerge as an overt and avowed belief system until late in the Enlightenment."</ref><ref name="GraftonMostSettis" /> but atheism in the modern sense was extremely rare in ancient Greece.<ref name="Garland2008">{{cite book |last1=Garland |first1=Robert |title=Ancient Greece: Everyday Life in the Birthplace of Western Civilization |date=2008 |publisher=Sterling |location=New York City |isbn=978-1-4549-0908-8 |page=209}}</ref><ref name="Winiarczyk">{{cite book |last1=Winiarczyk |first1=Marek |title=Diagoras of Melos: A Contribution to the History of Ancient Atheism |date=2016|translator-last=Zbirohowski-Kościa|translator-first=Witold |publisher=Walther de Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-044765-1 |pages=61–68 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=NryvDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Diagoras+of+Melos#v=onepage&q=Diagoras%20of%20Melos&f=false |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="GraftonMostSettis" /> Pre-Socratic [[Atomism|Atomists]] such as [[Democritus]] attempted to explain the world in a purely [[materialism|materialistic]] way and interpreted religion as a human reaction to natural phenomena,<ref name="Burkert1985">{{cite book |last=Burkert |first=Walter |authorlink=Walter Burkert |date=1985 |title=Greek Religion |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-36281-9 |pages=311–317 |ref=harv}}</ref> but did not explicitly deny the gods' existence.<ref name="Burkert1985" /> [[Anaxagoras]], whom [[Irenaeus]] calls "the atheist",<ref>[[Irenaeus]]. ''[[Against Heresies]]'' II 14, 2 (D. 171) = 59 B 113 DK. See on this topic: Duran, Martin (2019). ''Wondering About God: Impiety, Agnosticism, and Atheism in Ancient Greece''. Barcelona. Independently Published. p. 28. {{ISBN|978-1-08061-240-6}}.</ref> was accused of impiety and condemned for stating that "the sun is a type of incandescent stone", an affirmation with which he tried to deny the divinity of the celestial bodies.<ref>[[Flavius Josephus]]. ''[[Against Apion]]'' II, 265 = 59 A 19 DK; [[Plutarch]]. ''On superstition'' 10 p. 169 F – 170 A; [[Diogenes Laërtius]], II 12-14; [[Olympiodorus the Younger]]. ''Commentary on Aristotle's Meteorology'' p. 17, 19 Stüve = 59 B 19 DK.</ref> In the late fifth century BCE, the Greek [[lyric poetry|lyric poet]] [[Diagoras of Melos]] was sentenced to death in [[Athens]] under the charge of being a "godless person" (ἄθεος) after he made fun of the [[Eleusinian Mysteries]],<ref name="Garland2008" /><ref name="Winiarczyk" /><ref name="Burkert1985" /> but he fled the city to escape punishment.<ref name="Garland2008" /><ref name="Winiarczyk" /><ref name="Burkert1985" /> Later writers have cited Diagoras as the "first atheist",<ref>[[Friedrich Solmsen|Solmsen, Friedrich]] (1942). ''[https://books.google.com/books?vid=0blEqYn0npw5h4r_qPHc_fk&id=rLASAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Plato's Theology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102004009/https://books.google.com/books?vid=0blEqYn0npw5h4r_qPHc_fk&id=rLASAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 |date=2 November 2015 }}''. Cornell University Press. p. 25.</ref><ref name=CIC>''...&nbsp;nullos esse omnino Diagoras et Theodorus Cyrenaicus&nbsp;...'' Cicero, Marcus Tullius: ''De natura deorum.'' Comments and English text by Richard D. McKirahan. Thomas Library, Bryn Mawr College, 1997, p. 3. {{ISBN|0-929524-89-6}}</ref> but he was probably not an atheist in the modern sense of the word.<ref name="Winiarczyk" />▼
 
▲OtherMedzi Indianďalšie philosophiesindické generallyfilozofie regardedvšeobecne aspovažované atheisticza includeateistické patrí klasická [[Samkhya|Classical SamkhyaSánkhja]] anda [[Mimamsa|Purva MimamsaMímánsa]]. TheOdmietnutie rejectionosobného ofBoha-stvoriteľa asa personaltiež creatorobjavuje Godv is also seen inindickom [[JainismDžinizmus|džinizme]] anda [[BuddhismBudhizmus|budhizme]] in India.<ref name="Joshi">{{cite journal |last=Joshi |first=L.R. |year=1966 |title=A New Interpretation of Indian Atheism |journal=Philosophy East and West |volume=16 |issue=3/4 |pages=189–206 |doi=10.2307/1397540 |ref=harv |jstor=1397540}}</ref>
[[Sisyphus fragment|A fragment]] from the lost [[satyr play]] ''Sisyphus'', which has been attributed to both [[Critias]] and [[Euripides]], claims that a clever man invented "the fear of the gods" in order to frighten people into behaving morally.<ref name="WoodruffSmith">{{cite book |last1=Woodruff |first1=P. |last2=Smith |first2=N.D. |date=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=pjM7N1eUCbQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Socrates+philosophy#v=onepage&q=Socrates%20philosophy&f=false |title=Reason and Religion in Socratic Philosophy |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535092-0 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="Winiarczyk" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kahn |first=Charles |date=1997 |title=Greek Religion and Philosophy in the Sisyphus Fragment |journal=Phronesis |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=247–262 |ref=harv |jstor=4182561 |doi=10.1163/15685289760518153}}</ref><ref name="Winiarczyk" /><ref name="GraftonMostSettis">{{cite book |date=2010 |last=Mulsow |first=Martin |chapter=Atheism |title=The Classical Tradition |chapter-url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&pg=PA264&dq=devil+poseidon+pan#v=onepage&q=devil%20poseidon%20pan&f=false |editor1-last=Grafton |editor1-first=Anthony |editor1-link=Anthony Grafton |editor2-last=Most |editor2-first=Glenn W. |editor2-link=Glenn W. Most |editor3-last=Settis |editor3-first=Salvatore |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts and London |isbn=978-0-674-03572-0 |pages=96–97 |ref=harv |access-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206135820/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&pg=PA264&dq=devil+poseidon+pan#v=onepage&q=devil%20poseidon%20pan&f=false |archive-date=6 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> This statement, however, originally did not mean that the gods themselves were nonexistent, but rather that their powers were a hoax.<ref name="GraftonMostSettis" /> Atheistic statements have also been attributed to the philosopher [[Prodicus]]. [[Philodemus]] reports that Prodicus believed that "the gods of popular belief do not exist nor do they know, but primitive man, [out of admiration, deified] the fruits of the earth and virtually everything that contributed to his existence". [[Protagoras]] has sometimes been taken to be an atheist, but rather espoused agnostic views, commenting that "Concerning the gods I am unable to discover whether they exist or not, or what they are like in form; for there are many hindrances to knowledge, the obscurity of the subject and the brevity of human life."<ref>{{cite book |last=Bremmer |first=Jan |title=Atheism in Antiquity |postscript=,}} in {{harvnb|Martin|2006|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref name="Garland2008" />▼
 
=== Antika ===
The Athenian public associated Socrates (c. 470–399 BCE) with the trends in pre-Socratic philosophy towards naturalistic inquiry and the rejection of divine explanations for phenomena.<ref name="Burkert1985" /><ref name="Bremmer" /> [[Aristophanes]]' comic play ''[[The Clouds]]'' (performed 423 BCE) portrays Socrates as teaching his students that the traditional Greek deities do not exist.<ref name="Burkert1985" /><ref name="Bremmer" /> Socrates was later tried and executed under the charge of not believing in the gods of the state and instead worshipping foreign gods.<ref name="Burkert1985" /><ref name="Bremmer" /> Socrates himself vehemently denied the charges of atheism at his trial<ref name="Burkert1985" /><ref name="Bremmer">{{cite book |last=Bremmer |first=Jan |title=Atheism in Antiquity |postscript=,}} in {{harvnb|Martin|2006|pp=14–19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Thomas C. |last1=Brickhouse |last2=Smith |first2=Nicholas D. |title=Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Plato and the Trial of Socrates |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-15681-3 |page=112}} In particular, he argues that the claim he is a complete atheist contradicts the other part of the indictment, that he introduced "new divinities".</ref> and all the surviving sources about him indicate that he was a very devout man, who prayed to the rising sun and believed that the [[Pythia|oracle at Delphi]] spoke the word of [[Apollo]].<ref name="Burkert1985" /> [[Euhemerus]] ({{circa}} 300 BCE) published his view that the gods were only the deified rulers, conquerors and founders of the past, and that their cults and religions were in essence the continuation of vanished kingdoms and earlier political structures.<ref>Fragments of Euhemerus' work in Ennius' Latin translation have been preserved in [[Church Fathers|Patristic]] writings (e.g. by [[Lactantius]] and [[Eusebius of Caesarea]]), which all rely on earlier fragments in [[Diodorus Siculus|Diodorus]] 5,41–46 & 6.1. Testimonies, especially in the context of polemical criticism, are found e.g. in [[Callimachus]], ''Hymn to Zeus'' 8.</ref> Although not strictly an atheist, Euhemerus was later criticized for having "spread atheism over the whole inhabited earth by obliterating the gods".<ref>[[Plutarch]], ''Moralia—Isis and Osiris'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris*/B.html#23 23]</ref>
[[File:Socrates Louvre.jpg|thumb|upright|V [[Platón|Platónovej]] [[Obrana Sokratova|''Obrane Sokrata'']] bol [[Socrates|Sokrates]] (na obrázku) obvinený Melétom z neviery v bohov.<ref name="Burkert1985">{{cite book|last=Burkert|first=Walter|authorlink=Walter Burkert|date=1985|title=Greek Religion|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-674-36281-9|pages=311–317|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="Bremmer" />]]
▲WesternZápadný atheismateizmus hasmá itssvoje rootskorene inv [[Pre-SocraticPredsokratovská philosophyfilozofia|pre-Socratic]]predsokratovskej [[Greekgréckej philosophyfilozofii]],<ref>{{harvnb|Baggini|2003|pp=73–74}}. "Atheism had its origins in Ancient Greece but did not emerge as an overt and avowed belief system until late in the Enlightenment."</ref><ref name="GraftonMostSettis" /> butale atheismateizmus inv thesúčasnom modernzmysle senseslova wasbol extremelyv rarestarovekom inGrécku ancientmimoriadne Greecevzácny.<ref name="Garland2008">{{cite book |last1=Garland |first1=Robert |title=Ancient Greece: Everyday Life in the Birthplace of Western Civilization |date=2008 |publisher=Sterling |location=New York City |isbn=978-1-4549-0908-8 |page=209}}</ref><ref name="Winiarczyk">{{cite book |last1=Winiarczyk |first1=Marek |title=Diagoras of Melos: A Contribution to the History of Ancient Atheism |date=2016|translator-last=Zbirohowski-Kościa|translator-first=Witold |publisher=Walther de Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-044765-1 |pages=61–68 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=NryvDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Diagoras+of+Melos#v=onepage&q=Diagoras%20of%20Melos&f=false |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="GraftonMostSettis" /> Pre-SocraticPredsokratovskí [[AtomismAtomizmus|Atomistsatomisti]] such asako [[DemocritusDémokritos z Abdér|Démokritos]] attemptedsa topokúšali explainvysvetliť thesvet world in a purelyčisto [[materialismMaterializmus|materialisticmaterialistickým]] way and interpreted religion asspôsobom a humaninterpretovali reactionnáboženstvo toako naturalľudskú phenomena,<refreakciu name="Burkert1985">{{citena bookprírodný |last=Burkert |first=Walter |authorlink=Walter Burkert |date=1985 |title=Greek Religion |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridgefenomén, Massachusettsno |isbn=978-0-674-36281-9explicitne |pages=311–317neodmietali |ref=harv}}</ref> but did not explicitly deny the gods'existenciu existenceboha.<ref name="Burkert1985" /> [[Anaxagoras z Klazomen|Anaxagoras]], whomktorého [[IrenaeusIrenej z Lyonu]] callsnazýva "the atheistateistom",<ref>[[Irenaeus]]. ''[[Against Heresies]]'' II 14, 2 (D. 171) = 59 B 113 DK. See on this topic: Duran, Martin (2019). ''Wondering About God: Impiety, Agnosticism, and Atheism in Ancient Greece''. Barcelona. Independently Published. p. 28. {{ISBN|978-1-08061-240-6}}.</ref> wasbol accusedobvinený ofz impietybezbožnosti anda condemnedodsúdený forza statingvýrok, thatže "theSlnko sunje isdruh a type of incandescentrozžeraveného stonekameňa", anprehlásenie, affirmationktorým withsa whichpokúsil heodmietnuť triedbožskosť tonebeských deny the divinity of the celestial bodiestelies.<ref>[[Flavius Josephus]]. ''[[Against Apion]]'' II, 265 = 59 A 19 DK; [[Plutarch]]. ''On superstition'' 10 p. 169 F – 170 A; [[Diogenes Laërtius]], II 12-14; [[Olympiodorus the Younger]]. ''Commentary on Aristotle's Meteorology'' p. 17, 19 Stüve = 59 B 19 DK.</ref> InNa thekonci late5. fifthstoročia centurypred BCE,n.l. thebol Greekgrécky [[lyriclyrický poetry|lyric poet]]básnik [[Diagoras ofz MelosMélu]] was sentenced to death inv [[AthensAtény|Aténach]] underobvinený theako charge"bezbožná ofosoba being(ἄθεος)" a "godlessodsúdený person"na (ἄθεος)smrť afterpo hetom, madečo funsa of theposmieval [[EleusinianEleusínske Mysteriesmystérium|Eleusínskym mystériám]],.<ref name="Garland2008" /><ref name="Winiarczyk" /><ref name="Burkert1985" /> butPodarilo hesa fledmu thevšak cityz tomesta utiecť a uniknúť escapetak punishmentpoprave.<ref name="Garland2008" /><ref name="Winiarczyk" /><ref name="Burkert1985" /> LaterNeskorší writersspisovatelia havecitovali citedDiagora Diagoras as theako "firstprvého atheistateistu",<ref>[[Friedrich Solmsen|Solmsen, Friedrich]] (1942). ''[https://books.google.com/books?vid=0blEqYn0npw5h4r_qPHc_fk&id=rLASAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Plato's Theology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102004009/https://books.google.com/books?vid=0blEqYn0npw5h4r_qPHc_fk&id=rLASAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 |date=2 November 2015 }}''. Cornell University Press. p. 25.</ref><ref name="CIC">''...&nbsp;nullos esse omnino Diagoras et Theodorus Cyrenaicus&nbsp;...'' Cicero, Marcus Tullius: ''De natura deorum.'' Comments and English text by Richard D. McKirahan. Thomas Library, Bryn Mawr College, 1997, p. 3. {{ISBN|0-929524-89-6}}</ref> butale hepravdepodobne wasnebol probablyateistom notv anmodernom atheistzmysle in the modern sense of thetoho wordslova.<ref name="Winiarczyk" />
 
▲[[SisyphusFragment fragment|Azo fragment]]stratenej fromsatyrovej the lost [[satyr play]]hry ''Sisyphus'', whichktorý hasje been attributed to bothpripisovaný [[CritiasKritias|Kritiovi]] anda [[Euripides|Euripidovi]], claimsprehlasuje, thatže a clevermúdry manmuž inventedvymyslel "thestrach fearz of the godsbohov" inaby order tovydesil frightenľudí peopleaby intosa behavingsprávali morallymorálne.<ref name="WoodruffSmith">{{cite book |last1=Woodruff |first1=P. |last2=Smith |first2=N.D. |date=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=pjM7N1eUCbQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Socrates+philosophy#v=onepage&q=Socrates%20philosophy&f=false |title=Reason and Religion in Socratic Philosophy |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535092-0 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="Winiarczyk" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kahn |first=Charles |date=1997 |title=Greek Religion and Philosophy in the Sisyphus Fragment |journal=Phronesis |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=247–262 |ref=harv |jstor=4182561 |doi=10.1163/15685289760518153}}</ref><ref name="Winiarczyk" /><ref name="GraftonMostSettis">{{cite book |date=2010 |last=Mulsow |first=Martin |chapter=Atheism |title=The Classical Tradition |chapter-url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&pg=PA264&dq=devil+poseidon+pan#v=onepage&q=devil%20poseidon%20pan&f=false |editor1-last=Grafton |editor1-first=Anthony |editor1-link=Anthony Grafton |editor2-last=Most |editor2-first=Glenn W. |editor2-link=Glenn W. Most |editor3-last=Settis |editor3-first=Salvatore |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts and London |isbn=978-0-674-03572-0 |pages=96–97 |ref=harv |access-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206135820/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&pg=PA264&dq=devil+poseidon+pan#v=onepage&q=devil%20poseidon%20pan&f=false |archive-date=6 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> ThisToto statement,konštatovanie however,ale originallyv didskutočnosti notneznamená, meanže thatbohovia thesamotní godsneexistujú, themselvesale wereskôr nonexistentto, butže ratherich thatmoc theirje powers were a hoaxvymyslená.<ref name="GraftonMostSettis" /> AtheisticAteistické statementsvyhlásenia havesa alsotiež been attributed to the philosopherpripisujú filozofovi[[ProdicusProdikos|Prodikovi]]. [[PhilodemusPrótagoras (filozof)|Prótagoras]] reportssa thattiež Prodicusniekedy believedpovažuje thatza "theateistu, godsale ofzastával popularskôr beliefagnostický do not exist nor do they knowsvetonázor, but primitive manhovoriac, [out of admiration, deified] the fruits of the earth and virtually everything that contributed to hisže existence".pokiaľ [[Protagoras]]ide haso sometimes been taken to be an atheistbohov, butnie rathersom espousedschopný agnosticobjaviť views,či commentingexistujú thatalebo "Concerning the gods I am unable to discover whether they exist or notnie, oralebo whatakej theyforme are like insú formpodobní; forlebo thereexistuje areveľa manyprekážok hindrancesv to knowledgepoznaní, thenejasností obscurityohľadne ofsubjektu thea subjectľudský and the brevity ofživot humanje lifekrátky."<ref>{{cite book |last=Bremmer |first=Jan |title=Atheism in Antiquity |postscript=,}} in {{harvnb|Martin|2006|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref name="Garland2008" />
 
Aténska verejnosť spájala [[Sokrates|Sokrata]] (cca 470–399 pred n.l.) so smerovaním predsokratovskej filozofie k skúmaniu prírody a odmietaniu nadprirodzených vysvetlení javov.<ref name="Burkert1985" /><ref name="Bremmer" /> [[Aristofanes|Aristofanova]] komédia ''Oblaky'' (hraná v 423 pred n.l.) zobrazuje Sokrata ako učí svojich študentov, že tradičné grécke božstvá neexistujú.<ref name="Burkert1985" /><ref name="Bremmer" /> Sokrates bol neskôr súdený a popravený za obvinenie, že neverí v bohov štátu a namiesto nich vyznáva cudzích bohov.<ref name="Burkert1985" /><ref name="Bremmer" /> On samotný počas súdu obvinenia z ateizmu vehementne odmietal<ref name="Burkert1985" /><ref name="Bremmer">{{cite book|last=Bremmer|first=Jan|title=Atheism in Antiquity|postscript=,}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Thomas C.|last1=Brickhouse|last2=Smith|first2=Nicholas D.|title=Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Plato and the Trial of Socrates|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-15681-3|page=112}} Konkrétne argumentoval, že tvrdenie o jeho úplnom ateizme je v protiklade s ostatnými časťami obžaloby, že predstavuje "nové božstvá".</ref> a všetky zachované zdroje o ňom naznačujú, že bol veľmi zbožný muž, ktorý sa modlil k vychádzajúcemu Slnku a veril, že [[Pýtia|orákulum v Delfách]] reprodukuje slová [[Apolón|Apolóna]].<ref name="Burkert1985" /> [[Euhémeros]] (cca 300 pred n.l.) publikoval svoj pohľad, že bohovia sú len zbožštení vládcovia, dobyvatelia a zakladatelia z minulosti, a že ich kulty a náboženstvá boli v jadre pokračovaním zaniknutých kráľovstiev a raných politických štruktúr.<ref>Fragmenty Euhémerových prác v Enniovom latinskom preklade boli zachované v zápisoch [[Cirkevný otec (stredovek)|Cirkevných otcov]] (napr. [[Lactantius|Lactantia]] a [[Eusebios z Kaisareie|Eusebia z Kaisareie]]), ktoré všetky odkazujú na staršie fragmenty [[Diodorus Siculus|Diodora]] 5,41–46 & 6.1.</ref> Hoci nebol striktný ateista, neskôr ho kritizovali za "šírenie ateizmu po obývanej zemi, z ktorej odstránil bohov".<ref>[[Plutarch]], ''Moralia—Isis and Osiris'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris*/B.html#23 23]</ref>
 
The most important Greek thinker in the development of atheism was [[Epicurus]] ({{circa}} 300 BCE).<ref name="GraftonMostSettis" /> Drawing on the ideas of Democritus and the Atomists, he espoused a materialistic philosophy according to which the universe was governed by the laws of chance without the need for divine intervention (see [[scientific determinism]]).<ref name="EpicStanEncycl">{{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epicurus/ |title=Epicurus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) |website=Plato.stanford.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603100418/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epicurus/ |archive-date=3 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although Epicurus still maintained that the gods existed,<ref name="Hickson2014">{{cite book |last=Hickson |first=Michael W. |editor1-last=McBrayer |editor1-first=Justin P. |editor2-last=Howard-Snyder |editor2-first=Daniel |date=2014 |chapter=A Brief History of Problems of Evil |title=The Blackwell Companion to The Problem of Evil |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0ScAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT26 |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-118-60797-8 |pages=26–27 |ref=harv |access-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120231324/https://books.google.com/books?id=J0ScAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT26 |archive-date=20 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GraftonMostSettis" /><ref name="EpicStanEncycl" /> he believed that they were uninterested in human affairs.<ref name="EpicStanEncycl" /> The aim of the Epicureans was to attain ''[[ataraxia]]'' ("peace of mind") and one important way of doing this was by exposing fear of divine wrath as irrational. The Epicureans also denied the existence of an afterlife and the need to fear divine punishment after death.<ref name="EpicStanEncycl" />
Zdroj: „https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redaktor:Smrtihlav/pieskovisko“